Figure 4 shows the complete pictorial representation of a valid USB device, based on the above explanation. Based on the type of information, the endpoints have four types: Control, Interrupt, Bulk and Isochronous.Īs per the USB protocol specification, all valid USB devices have an implicit special control end-point zero, the only bi-directional end-point. An end-point is like a pipe for transferring information either into or from the interface of the device, depending on the functionality. entry in the proc window output (Figure 3) shows the interface to driver mapping - a (none) indicating no associated driver.įor every interface, there would be one or more end-points. It is okay and fairly common to have a single USB device driver for all the interfaces of a USB device. So, unlike other device drivers, a USB device driver is typically associated/written per interface, rather than the device as a whole - meaning that one USB device may have multiple device drivers, and different device interfaces may have the same driver - though, of course, one interface can have a maximum of one driver only. So, say an MFD (multi-function device) USB printer can do printing, scanning and faxing, then it most likely would have at least three interfaces, one for each of the functions. There would be as many interfaces as the number of functions provided by the device. An interface corresponds to a function provided by the device. For every configuration, the device may have one or more interfaces. As such, Linux supports only one configuration per device - the default one. A configuration of a USB device is like a profile, where the default one is the commonly used one. All valid USB devices contain one or more configurations. To further decode these sections, a valid USB device needs to be understood first. Figure 3: USB's proc window snippet Decoding a USB device section The listing basically contains one such section for each valid USB device detected on the system. Figure 3 shows a typical snippet of the same, clipped around the pen drive-specific section. This enables the detected USB device details to be viewed in a more techno-friendly way through the /proc window, using cat /proc/bus/usb/devices. In many Linux distributions like Mandriva, Fedora,… the usbfs driver is loaded as part of the default configuration. A -v option to lsusbprovides detailed information. Figure 2 shows this, with and without the pen drive plugged in. Figure 1: USB subsystem in LinuxĪ basic listing of all detected USB devices can be obtained using the lsusb command, as root. Figure 1 shows a top-to-bottom view of the USB subsystem in Linux. The USB protocol formatted information about the USB device is then populated into the generic USB core layer (the usbcore driver) in kernel-space, thus enabling the detection of a USB device in kernel-space, even without having its specific driver.Īfter this, it is up to various drivers, interfaces, and applications (which are dependent on the various Linux distributions), to have the user-space view of the detected devices. The corresponding host controller driver would pick and translate the low-level physical layer information into higher-level USB protocol-specific information. Hardware-space detection is done by the USB host controller - typically a native bus device, like a PCI device on x86 systems. Whether a driver for a USB device is there or not on a Linux system, a valid USB device will always be detected at the hardware and kernel spaces of a USB-enabled Linux system, since it is designed (and detected) as per the USB protocol specifications. USB stick) that was at hand - a JetFlash from Transcend, with vendor ID 0x058f and product ID 0圆387. The fastest way to get the hang of it, and Pugs’ usual way, was to pick up a USB device, and write a driver for it, to experiment with. #GENERIC USB AUDIO DRIVER LINUX DRIVERS#Pugs’ pen drive was the device Shweta was playing with, when both of them sat down to explore the world of USB drivers in Linux. #GENERIC USB AUDIO DRIVER LINUX SERIES#This article, which is part of the series on Linux device drivers, gets you started with writing your first USB driver in Linux.
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With the cache partition wiped out, observe the phone again to know whether it would still reboot. Highlight reboot system now and press the power button again to reboot.Press the Volume Down key to highlight wipe cache partition. #Monitor mode galaxy s2 android#
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Classical drawing method pdf how to#"Delightfully elegant and rational, Beginning Drawing Atelier carries you through the rigors of learning how to draw, like a master, ever so gently. Every figurative artist, no matter what his or her level should have this book on their studio shelf.” - Jon deMartin author of Drawing Atelier The synthesis is powerful and is sure to empower generations of artists to realize their creative potential.” - Joshua Jacobo, Founder and CEO of New Masters Academy “Juliette Aristides' new book ‘Figure Drawing Atelier’ beautifully presents the most important aspects of classical life drawing in a simple and straightforward manner. It’s an exciting time in the world of art as optical and constructive approaches come together deftly in Figure Drawing Atelier. At last we have a volume that connects the transitions of constructive drawing with optical approaches in an elegant and comprehensive way. The close, living connection between past and present is apparent in her art and her teaching: what a rare pleasure, for example, to admire a historical master such as Michelangelo alongside a contemporary one like Steven Assael! Aristides generously helps her readers – even those of us who do not draw – see and appreciate the excellence in every era." - Peter Trippi, editor-in-chief, Fine Art Connoisseur Magazine, New York “Aristides, a true giant of art educational books advances the format once again with Figure Drawing Atelier. Praise for Figure Drawing Atelier: An Instructional Sketchbook "Once again, Juliette Aristides proves how gifted she is, not only as a draftsman, but also as a cogent communicator of complex information. Artists will then have a record of their process, like with a sketchbook, which many artists like to document and save. 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Talk about working from other artists’ drawings, noting that this is a time-honored practice. Hold up drawings, noting the similarities with the master drawings looked at earlier. Allow students to add highlights with the white chalk. Have students begin with an outline drawing, working on the objects in the front first, and then adding shading as they see it. Display the still life, and talk about how it can be drawn, showing the areas such as circles and curved lines that can be picked up on. Make sure that the students are working with a light touch. Practice this type of line work on the scratch paper. Point out the delicate shading-soft close parallel lines. Show examples of drawings done on tinted paper, from Da Vinci, Michelangelo, Degas, and others. Explain that this describes two kinds of drawing: contour, and shaded. Talk about the depth that shows in many drawings, and how they are not merely outlines, but also have shading added. Examples of similar drawings, done on tinted paper and heightened with chalk by masters such as Rembrandt, Degas, etc.Still life elements: (your choice – vases, fruit, baseball glove, ball, and bat, basketball).Students will recognize that they are part of an ongoing tradition in art when using this method, for they will have seen works by Degas, Michaelangelo, Da Vinci and others worked in this method.Introduce the students to classic method of drawing, on toned paper with charcoal or black pencil, heightened with white.Introduce the students to the concept of repetition of shape within a composition.Introduce them to the concept of still life as related objects.Introduce the students to the concept of parallel line shading.Students will learn the classic method of drawing, on toned paper with charcoal or black pencil, heightened with white.īy Roberta Scrivener Objectives: Stuck again - Finding Leena II - Heroes 3 map So look down below and don't forget to visit the stables before. #Heroes of might and magic iv maps how to#Me and someone else already posted an explanation how to get there. This distance can certainly be overcome with Liches, but as sphinxx writes, you have to visit the stables and start from the right point. Once the enemy knows a stealth hero is there, he cannot do much anymore.Distance - Finding Leena II - Heroes 3 map The biggest problems with stealth are, that you can't use an army and that the entire 5 skill points you spent on it are countered by 5 skill points the enemy spends. The opponent may also use a stealth hero and use him to spot yours. Scouting is a decent choice for might heroes due to pathfinding, so the risk your stealth hero is discovered and captured is certainly there. Taking a single town likely has very little effect on large maps.Ī single hero, even a team of 7 mid-level heroes won't do much against a decent army on large maps use a secondary hero to hunt your stealth hero down. As soon as you capture something, the opponent knows you have a stealth hero and will initiate countermeasures. There are several problems with using stealth beyond that: As experience is divided up for each hero, a team of 7 will be much lower level. While this is doable with a single hero, you can forget about creating a team. You are looking at roughly lvl 20 to have an effective stealth operative. Stealth can work as you describe for a single hero, but it requires quite a lot of experience to use, GM stealth already takes 10 skill points total, then you want pathfinding, combat, magic resistance and some magic. Is there something wrong with this skill that I don't understand? Do other choices outperform Stealth focus even at L/XL maps? By no means can it work on S and M maps, this scheme takes time to perform. Also noticed that maps discussed are typically of M size, because playing an L/XL map would take too much real time. What's even better, someone playing L or XL maps against Chaos might expect a sudden sneak attack, but not from 7 heroes at a time.īut I noticed that this skill is overlooked and considered weak at Heroes IV forums. Yes, they will all be of lower level than one single hero, but they will have a bigger total of Skill points due to exponentially growing XP requirements for each subsequent level, and, more importantly, make more actions per move. If you have a group of heroes leveled this way wandering together, you will actually get even more power.At the same time, as far as you don't actually need army, especially after your Stealth hero also develops Combat 5/MR 5 and some kind of magic.And if they didn't develop Scouting 5, they will have a hard time finding your hero in their ranks. You can sneak past enemy players and, for example, ninjacap their city, dwellings, and other objects.After all, you got Pathfinding and Scouting, you do more things in one turn!.After some time XP gained from sneaking (in addition to XP gained from battles) exceeds the XP that you had to spend on Stealth, so you have extra skills in late game.You can steal resources from stacks that you cannot beat yet, it's important if your map has powerful monsters.From my experience, Stealth is a very powerful tool on L and XL maps. 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